A total of three plants of P. labukensis were collected from Poring Orchid Conservation Centre, Ranau, Sabah (06 02’20.7” N, 116 06’38.2” E) and kept in the greenhouse located at Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (06003ʹ 33ʺ N, 116 012ʹ 29ʺE). Orchid plants were re-potted with mosses and coconut husk medium, rinsed twice a day under natural daylight, 80% relative humidity, with an average temperature of 29 ± 2 °C, day and night as well as fertilised using commercial fertiliser (FT Grow) once for every three weeks to promote good growth and to induce flowering.

Data observation was performed every morning from 9.00 a.m to 11.00 a.m according to Mohammad and Rusdi [17] with slight modifications. From the beginning of the spike through the end of flower senescence, the plant's longevity was observed. Parameters involved and examined during the observations as the size of the flower (from dorsal sepal to lateral sepal), number of flowers produced per plant, and length of inflorescence, by using a ruler and Vernier calliper. All the data collected were determined by calculating their mean and standard deviation. As there is still no information on the flower's lifespan, two blossoms were left undisturbed on a plant to track their longevity and morphological changes. From the beginning of the spike through the end of flower senescence, the plant's longevity was observed.

Flower morphology and developmental stages including flower initiation, bud development, flower structure, and capsule development were examined in individual inflorescences (from fruit initiation until maturation). Time (day and period), shape, and colour were used to record any changes in flower bud structure blossoming [18]. The number of flowers and capsule fruit per inflorescence was counted throughout developmental stage observation to determine the plant's reproductive success.

The development of the capsule was observed daily from pollination to full maturity for any changes that occur. Capsule length and diameter were observed, and data were recorded. The length of the capsule was taken by using a ruler while its diameter was taken by using a Vernier calliper. Mature capsules were harvested before dehisced by cutting the capsule from the inflorescence [19]. For P. labukensis, mature capsules were harvested 120 days after pollination.

To date, there has been no comprehensive analysis of early flower development in P. labukensis. Using quantitative observation, a series of morphological landmarks that define each stage of flower development is presented (Table 1).

Twelve morphological character stages, with the early stages (stages 1-5) characterised as growth stages in which the formation and development of bud occur to generate bloom. Floral bud initiation began in early February and the flower reached the full bloom stage by the end of April. At this stage, a whole bud took around 14 to 20 days to reach full form. When a bud matured, it changed its colour from dark green to dark red. The second phase of the cycle is the maturation stage, which began at the stage 6 to 10 with the appearance of mature buds that multiplied into full-blown flowers with entire petals and sepals. The flowering of P. labukensis lasts for 3 weeks if pollination does not occur.

The last phase was the senescence stage (stages 10 to 12). At the full bloom stage, flowers' petals started to wilt after three weeks. The end of the flower tip wilted first, and it turned in brown and senesce. However, flowers that had pollinated turned into capsules or orchid pods after 28 days. The capsules can mature up to 125 days after pollination.

The spike's initial size was an average of 0.50 ± 0.20 cm and it is dark green (Fig. 1A). After five to ten days of initiation, the spike began to swell and appears pinkish red (Fig. 1B). This change is a precursor to the formation of flower buds. The swollen spike took four days to elongate and form a flower bud on the stem's peduncle. After three days, the length of the flower bud increased steadily as it approached the flower bud initiation stages (Fig. 1C). Flower bud initiation occurs after the spike has reached about 5 cm in length if environmental conditions are favourable. Continuous observations of early primordial growth and flowering of P. labukensis were carried out until buds reached maturity (bud opening). Fig. (1E) shows the appearance and multiplication of the floral bud of P. labukensis. It started to initiate on day 12 after the formation and swelling of an early spike.

After one week of bud swelling, the flower stalk quickly developed and formed branches, reaching a maximum length of 9.50 ± 2.50 cm. Each flower stalk typically had five to ten branches. They were pinkish-red and oval. Florets developed in the axils of the bracts on the flower stalk's branches or main axis (Fig. 2A). The florets were then multiplied and enlarged, as shown in Fig. (2B & C). Fig. (2D) depicts a mature bud that is ready to open and begin the flowering process.

According to Tanaka et al. [20], the florets went through seven developmental stages, beginning with floret primordium formation, then sepal formation, labellum formation, petal formation, column formation, anther cap and stigma formation, and pollen formation. Furthermore, the diameter increased constantly and significantly following the increase in bud length. The length of the bud on day 6 was only 0.83 ± 0.56 cm while the diameter was 0.65 ± 0.33 cm. Subsequently, both the length and bud increased after it multiplied on the flower stalk until it became a mature bud on day 24. (Fig. 3).

Fig. (1). The initial development of spike and bud initiation stage of P. labukensis. (A) The appearance of the spike of the flower. (B) Spike appeared swollen on the 5th day. (C) Elongation of the swollen spike (white arrow). (D) The appearance of floral bud on the 8th day. (E) Elongation of peduncle and flower stalk on the 12th day. (F) Front view of the floral bud. (Bar A= 1.0 mm; B= 10 mm; C=2.0 cm; D=3.0 cm; E=5.0 cm; F=5.0 cm).

Fig. (2). Floral bud development of P. labukensis. (A) Peduncle elongation which holds the floral bud on day 12 (white arrow); (B) Appearance of floral bud (floret) on day 14 (white arrow); (C) Both peduncle and pedicle of the flower appears longer and partially matured bud on day 20 (arrow); (D) Matured flower bud on day 24 (white arrow) (Bar A= 1.0 cm; B=2.0 cm; C=5.0 cm; D=10.0 cm).

The observation of the flower blooming phase was recorded from an undisturbed and unpollinated plant. The P. labukensis flower started to bloom on day 28 after spike initiation. On the other hand, the flowering time of other orchids was observed to be between February and April. Meanwhile, P. laycockii was reported to produce flowers in July [21]. The time it takes for plants to form flowers varies greatly depending on the species. Weather, light, and environmental stress all have an impact on the process of bud formation until the formation of blossoming flowers [22].

Fig. (3). Average length and diameter of bud for P. labukensis at an interval of 6, 12, 18, and 24 days of flower bud development.

Fig. (4). Inflorescence of Paraphalaenopsis labukensis.

Fig. (5). Flower development and senescence of P. labukensis. (A) Initial petals opening. (B) Close-up view of a partially opened flower. (C) Full bloom flower of P. labukensis. (D) Side-view of the flower. (a) Labellum; (b) Lateral sepal; (c) Dorsal sepal; (d) Petal; (e) Column; (f) Ovary (Bar A= 3.0 cm; B, C and D=2.0 cm).

The formation inflorescence at an average length of 10.50 ± 0.89 cm appeared from the stem node and was slightly erect to pendulous with more than 2-3 flowers as shown in (Fig. 4). According to Kirchoff & Claßen-Bockhoff [23] orchids with more flowers per inflorescence have been shown to attract more pollinators which could increase the chances of capsule development.

Meanwhile, Fig. (5A-D) summarised the progression of flowering stages (Stages 6 to 10). The flowering staged process was first observed when an axial bud appeared and developed into an enclosed floral bud. When the mature bud was fully formed, a partially opened flower (Fig. 5A) formed. The petals and sepals fully opened and bloomed after five days, as shown in Fig. (5B). Fig. (5C & D) depicted the front and side views of a P. labukensis flower, respectively.

Fig. (6). Capsule development pattern and maturation after pollination (A) The flower was hand pollinated by depositing pollen on the same flower. (B) The flower started to senesce and resulted in initial capsule formation after 27 DAP. (C) The Colour of the flower changed and wilted (D) The ovary swelled, and the diameter increased (arrow). (E) Formation of the immature capsule after 30 DAP (F) Mature capsule in dark red after 120 DAP (Bar A, B and C=1.0 cm, D=2.0 cm, E and F=3.0 cm).

Fig. (7). Morphological characteristics of orchid pods P. labukensis. (A) Capsule on day 43 after pollination. (B) Immature seed (C) Capsule on day 84 after pollination and seeds are light red in colour (D) Mature seeds on day 125 where seeds are dry and loose (black arrow) (E) Viable seed showing intercellular gaps (arrow) (Bar= 0.5 mm).

The flower arrangement was asymmetric and in the shape of a panicle. The column is a central structure that houses both the male (anther) and female (stigma) parts of the flower. A modified petal, such as a labellum or lip, acts as a landing area for pollinators beneath the column. It took approximately 58 days to complete the whole floral development of P. labukensis (Fig. 5C & D). The flower of P. labukensis was 5.80 ± 0.35 cm in length when measured longitudinally across the sepal from left to right. The size of the flower measured was smaller than that reported by Chan & Cribb [4] where the size of the flower was 6.2 cm. As a result, it took one week for the flowers to wilt signature for the senescence event. As per observations, the wilting of the P. labukensis flower started with the closing of the lateral sepal followed by the dorsal sepal.

Artificial pollination or hand pollination was used to create capsules. This technique required physically transferring pollen from one flower's stamen to another's pistil. The flower from which the pollen is collected is known as the pollen donor or pollen parent, whereas the bloom from which the pollen is received is known as the seed parent [24]. Hand pollination is frequently performed with a cotton swab or a tiny needle. The most typical reason for utilising this strategy is that there are no or few pollinators because the plants were in a greenhouse. After the flower was pollinated, the length, diameter, and colour change of the capsule were observed. Flowers that were two to three days old and in full bloom were hand-pollinated by depositing pollen on the same flower and began to senesce after three days of pollination. After three days of pollination, the flower petal began to wilt (Fig. 6A-C), and the lateral sepal dorsal sepal closed. The formation of P. labukensis capsules was between 40 to 90 days of pollination (DAP). When capsule formation began, the ovary began to swell (Fig. 6D), and the diameter increased from 0.5 ± 0.2 cm to 0.8 ± 0.3 cm within seven to ten days of pollination. The length and diameter of the capsule remained unchanged after ten days of pollination until capsule maturation, with an average length of 1.0 ± 0.25 cm. The dried petals remain attached to the tip of the ovary until maturation. The capsule's colour changed from dark green to dark red five days after pollination (Fig. 6E). The capsule was pubescent and erect, with thick-walled walls that were rather dry and papery. As P. labukensis capsules take 125 days to mature, the capsules were harvested before the capsule ruptured.

Based on Table 2, capsules aged between 100 to 120 days Among the three different capsules aged tested, 120 days capsule had the longest length of with 21.5 ± 0.50 mm, followed by 90 days capsule (15.2 ± 0.25 mm), and 40 days capsule has the shortest length of seed with only 5.00 ± 0.20 mm.

In this experiment, pollinating young and completely open flowers was employed since pollen is most responsive for 1 to 8 days following bloom opening, and thus, this could increase the chances of capsule formation [25, 26]. In this study, young and fresh flowers of P. labukensis with yellowish pollinia at the age of two to three days were used. Fresh and bright yellow pollinia are more fertile than the orange-brown like in Cymbidium orchids [27, 28]. The success of the capsule formation in this study was increased by the hand-pollination technique with a 95.47% success rate, of which some pollinated flowers did not develop into capsules due to fungi infection or eaten by predators such as ants before maturation [29]. When pollination occurs, the ovary will begin to swell and form a seed capsule filled with millions of seeds [30].

The time taken for an orchid capsule to reach full maturity varies according to species [31]. For P. labukensis, the capsules took 120 days to reach full maturity. Unlike other orchid species such as H., discolour took 25 to 30 days after pollination [32]. Even, there has been no significant effect of different pollen ages on the capsule development of H. discolour [32]. One of the reasons for the long seed maturation times for some species of orchids is the fact that the ovules are either not yet formed or immature at the time of pollination.

The difference between young and mature capsule seeds can be seen; the seeds in the young capsule are creamy yellow, soft, and sticky (Fig. 7B). Whereas the mature capsule is drier, with only a few sticky seeds (Fig. 7D) which indicates the seeds are matured and ready for germination. The seed of P. labukensis darkened to a dark brown colour as it matured due to an increase in the amount of suberin in the seed coat, which may have contributed to the seed's hydroponic nature (Fig. 7C & D). Capsules and seeds were dried and powdery-like in structure so that they could be easily spread on the culture medium. It is important to note the maturity of seed capsules can vary depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, light, and nutrition. Additionally, some orchid species may have seed capsules that take longer to mature, while others may develop more quickly [31, 33].

The seed morphology of P. labukensis was found to be oblong or slightly fusiform (Fig. 7E). Swamy et al. [34] discovered that the seeds of Bulbophyllum mysorense are transparent, short, spindle to oblong, and have blunt ends. Augustine et al. [35] discovered fusiform, spindle, and narrowly ellipsoidal seeds in Bulbophyllum species. Seed shape variations can be used as an additional taxonomic marker for species identification.