RESEARCH ARTICLE


Dairy Factory Wastewaters, Their Use on Land and Possible Environmental Impacts - A Mini Review



Mark Watkinsa, *, David Nashb
a Department of Primary Industries, Ellinbank Centre, 1301 Hazeldean Rd, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
b eWater Cooperative Research Centre, Building 22, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia


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Creative Commons License
© 2010 Watkins et al.;

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Primary Industries, Ellinbank Centre, 1301 Hazeldean Rd, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia; Tel: +61 3 5624 2253; Fax: +61 3 5624 2200; E-mail: David.Nash@dpi.vic.gov.au


Abstract

Dairy factory wastewaters are increasingly being considered a valuable resource. However, these waters may also contain contaminants, natural or artificial, that may adversely affect the land to which they are applied. This review investigates dairy wastewaters, factors affecting their composition, some probable effects on land and compounds that may be used to trace the migration of pollutants.

Dairy factory wastewaters differ depending on the types of products made by the factory and the treatment afforded wastewaters. In addition to milk and milk by-products, dairy factory wastewaters contain cleaning chemicals that contribute to the salt load, and synthetic compounds.

From the limited studies where the effects on dairy processing wastewaters on land have been measured, the consensus of the literature results acknowledges the utility to agriculture can be highly variable and depends on the land to which it was applied and wastewater characteristics including concentrations of phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon and sodium. Excessive applications of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus have resulted in runoff to nearby watercourses.

Even fewer studies have investigated the use of organic marker compounds in the dairy industry. Lipids, terpenes and sterols found in the plants consumed by livestock would be useful for identifying pollutants from the dairy industry. However, a library of biological marker compounds and their likely sources is needed before such a technology could be applied more widely.